1. Blood Tests
The first step in diagnosing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a complete blood count (CBC). Doctors look for an unusually high number of white blood cells, particularly abnormal lymphocytes, which is a key indicator of CLL. Additional blood tests, such as a peripheral blood smear, help examine the appearance of these cells under a microscope.
2. Flow Cytometry
Flow cytometry is a specialized test used to identify the specific type of leukemia. This test analyzes the surface markers of white blood cells, helping doctors confirm whether they are cancerous CLL cells.
3. Bone Marrow Biopsy
If blood tests suggest CLL, a bone marrow biopsy may be performed. A sample of bone marrow is taken from the hip bone and analyzed to determine the percentage of cancerous cells and assess the extent of disease progression.
4. Genetic Testing
Genetic tests, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and other molecular studies, help detect specific chromosomal abnormalities linked to CLL. These tests provide valuable information about how aggressive the leukemia may be and guide treatment decisions.
5. Imaging Tests
In some cases, imaging tests like CT scans or ultrasounds are used to check if CLL has caused enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, or liver. These scans help doctors assess the extent of disease spread.
6. Physical Examination and Medical History
Doctors also conduct a physical exam to check for swollen lymph nodes, an enlarged spleen, or liver abnormalities. A detailed medical history, including any family history of leukemia or related conditions, is also considered.
By combining these diagnostic tools, doctors can accurately diagnose CLL, determine its stage, and create a personalized treatment plan based on the patient’s condition.